Emerging Adulthood Defining the Developmental Stage

Emerging adulthood is a new developmental stage, taking place between adolescence and young adulthood, proposed by psychologist Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. It is defined as a period of identity exploration that takes place before individuals make long-term adult commitments. Arnett has argued that emerging adulthood should be added to the eight life stages in Eriksons stage theory. Critics contend that the concept of emerging adulthood is simply the product of contemporary socioeconomic conditions and is non-universal, and thus should not be considered a true life stage. Key Takeaways: Emerging Adulthood Emerging adulthood is a developmental stage proposed by psychologist Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. The stage takes place between ages 18-25, after adolescence and before young adulthood. It is marked by a period of identity exploration. Scholars disagree about whether or not emerging adulthood is a true developmental stage. Some argue that it is simply a label for young adults in specific socioeconomic conditions in industrialized countries. Origins In the middle of the 20th century, Erik Erikson proposed a stage theory of psychosocial development. The theory outlines eight stages that take place throughout the human life span. The fifth stage, which takes place during adolescence, is a period of identity exploration and development. During this stage, adolescents attempt to determine who they are in the present while also imagining possible futures for themselves. It is at this stage when individuals begin to pursue specific options for their lives, forgoing other options. In 2000, psychologist Jeffrey Jensen Arnett upended Eriksons theory by suggesting that adolescence is no longer the primary period of identity exploration. Instead, he proposed that emerging adulthood is a ninth stage of human development. According to Arnett, emerging adulthood takes place between the ages of 18 and 25—after adolescence but before young adulthood. Arnett based his argument on demographic changes that had taken place in the decades since Eriksons work. Since the mid-1900s, social and economic shifts in the United States and other Western countries have led to increased college attendance. Meanwhile, entry into the workforce, marriage, and parenthood has been delayed from the early 20s to the mid-to-late 20s. As a result of these changes, Arnett claimed, the process of identity development largely takes place after adolescence, during the emerging adulthood stage. What Emerging Adulthood Means According to Arnett, emerging adulthood occurs during the transition period from adolescence to adulthood. Emerging adulthood takes places during the late teens and early-to-mid 20s, when individuals typically have relatively few externally-enforced expectations or obligations. They use this period as an opportunity for identity exploration, trying out different roles and engaging in different experiences, particularly in the domains of work, love, and worldview. Emerging adulthood ends gradually as individuals make more permanent adult commitments throughout their 20s. Emerging adulthood is distinct from adolescence and young adulthood. Unlike adolescents, emerging adults have finished high school, are legally considered adults, have already gone through puberty, and often don’t live with their parents. Unlike young adults, emerging adults have not assumed adult roles in marriage, parenthood, or careers. Risk-taking behavior, such as unprotected sex, substance abuse, and drunk or reckless driving, peaks in emerging adulthood—not adolescence, as is often assumed. Such risk-taking behavior is part of the identity exploration process. Part of the explanation for its peak in emerging adulthood is the fact that emerging adults have more freedom than adolescents and fewer responsibilities than young adults. Emerging adults often report feeling not-quite-adult but not-quite-adolescent. As such, emerging adulthood and the associated feeling of being in-between adolescence and adulthood is a construct of Western cultures, and consequently, not universal. Adult status is reached as emerging adults learn to accept responsibility for themselves, make their own decisions, and become financially independent. Controversy and Criticism Since Arnett first introduced the concept of emerging adulthood almost two decades ago, the term and the ideas behind it have spread quickly through a number of academic disciplines. The term is now often used in research to describe a specific age cohort. Yet, in his stage theory of the human life span, Erikson noted that cases of prolonged adolescence, which would approximately coincide with the emerging adult years, were possible. Consequently, some researchers argue emerging adulthood is not a new phenomenon—it’s simply late adolescence. There is still controversy amongst scholars over whether emerging adulthood really represents a distinct life stage. Some of the most common criticisms of the idea of emerging adulthood are as follows: Financial Privilege Some scholars have claimed that emerging adulthood is not a developmental phenomenon but a result of financial privilege that enables young people to attend college or delay the transition to full adulthood in other ways. These researchers argue that emerging adulthood is a luxury that those who must take on adult responsibilities, such as entering the workforce immediately after high school, must forego. Awaiting Opportunity Scholar James Cà ´tà © takes this point a step further by arguing that emerging adults may not be involved in active, deliberate identity exploration at all. He suggests that, for social or economic reasons, these individuals are waiting for opportunities to become available that will enable them to make the transition into adulthood. From this perspective, active identity exploration may not take place beyond adolescence. This idea is supported by research, which found that a majority of emerging adults were engaged less in identity experimentation and more in working toward adult responsibilities and commitments. False Limit on Identity Exploration Other researchers argue that emerging adulthood unnecessarily limits the period of identity exploration. They argue that phenomenons like the rate of divorce and frequent job and career changes force people to re-evaluate their identities throughout the life span. Thus, identity exploration is now a life-long pursuit, and emerging adulthood is not unique for engaging in it. Incongruity with Erikson's Theory In his original stage theory, Erikson asserted that each stage was dependent on the previous stage. He said that if an individual doesn’t successfully develop specific skills during each stage, their development will be impacted at later stages. So, when Arnett concedes that emerging adulthood is culturally specific, non-universal, and may not exist in the future, he undermines his own argument that emerging adulthood is a distinct developmental period. Furthermore, emerging adulthood is limited to industrialized societies, and doesn’t generalize to all ethnic minorities in those societies. Given all of these criticisms, scholars Leo Hendry and Marion Kloep contend that emerging adulthood is merely a useful label. It may well be that emerging adulthood accurately describes young adults in specific socioeconomic conditions in industrialized countries, but is not a true life stage. Sources Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen. â€Å"Emerging Adulthood: A Theory of Development From the Late Teens Through the Twenties.† American Psychologist, vol. 55, no. 5, 2000, pp. 469-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen. â€Å"Emerging Adulthood, A 21st Century Theory: A rejoinder to Hendry and Kloep.† Child Development Perspectives, vol. 1, no. 2, 2007, pp. 80-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00018.xArnett, Jeffrey Jensen. â€Å"Emerging Adulthood: What Is It, and What Is It Good For?† Child Development Perspectives, vol. 1, no. 2, 2007, pp. 68-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.xCà ´tà ©, James E. â€Å"Identity Formation and Self-Development in Adolescence.† Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, edited by Richard M. Lerner and Laurence Steinberg, John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2009. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001010Cà ´tà ©, James and John M. Bynner. â€Å"Changes in the Transition to Adultho od in the UK and Canada: The Role of Structure and Agency in Emerging Adulthood.† Journal of Youth Studies, vol. 11, no. 3, 251-268, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260801946464Erikson, Erik H. Identity: Youth and Crisis. W.W. Norton Company, 1968.Hendry, Leo B., and Marion Kloep. â€Å"Conceptualizing emerging adulthood: Inspecting the emperor’s new clothes?† Child Development Perspectives, vol. 1, no. 2, 2007, pp. 74-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00017.xSettersten, Richard A., Jr. â€Å"Becoming Adult: Meanings and Markers for Young Americans.† The Network on Transitions to Adulthood Working Paper, 2006. youthnys.org/InfoDocs/BecomingAnAdult-3-06.pdf

Reflection of the Oppressed - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 535 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Reflection of the Pedagogy of the Oppressed So far throughout my school career, I have noticed that I have become a victim of memorizing information the teacher preaches but I never really analyze the importance. For example, the Healthcare debate that has been going on throughout the last couple of years. I know that Obama is establishing a new healthcare plan but if someone asked me a question about the importance of the healthcare plan, I could not tell you the answer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Reflection of the Oppressed" essay for you Create order I have finally been able to start analyzing the importance of literature beginning with the Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Freire begins by talking about the relationship between the teacher and the student. â€Å"The relationship involves a narrating Subject (the teacher) and patient, listening objects (the students). † In the case he describes the teacher knows everything and the student knows nothing so therefore the teacher is to fill the minds of the students with his or her knowledge. Freire describes this situation as one in which the students are seen as containers into which knowledge can be deposited. The teacher is the depositor and the knowledge is that which is deposited on a daily basis much like bankers deposit money. This bank concept of education attempts to transform the minds of individuals so that they will adapt better to actual situations and be dominated by them with greater ease. Freire, however, rejects the banking approach, claiming it results in the dehumanization of both the students and the teachers. In addition, he argues the banking approach stimulates oppressive attitudes and practices in society. Instead, he advocates for a more world-mediated, mutual approach to education that considers people incomplete. According to Freire, this authentic approach to education must allow people to be aware of their incompleteness and strive to be more fully human. After reading this exert from the Pedagogy of the Oppressed, I have come to understand what Freire is trying to convey to the reader. In the beginning it talks about how a student knows nothing and it is the teachers job to deposit students with their knowledge (the banking concept). I believe knowledge is earned and is a privilege to have. It is a gift that is given by those who are knowledgeable to those who know nothing and work hard to receive it. Although knowledge is given, it is not always stored which is why I understand that Freire rejects the idea of the banking concept. Teachers can lecture to students all day long about information and tell them to take notes but not always is the information stored. As Albert Einstein once said, â€Å"information is not knowledge. I have grown to understand the concept of making notes not taking notes and it is now very important in every aspect of my learning. In conclusion, Freire develops many ideas in the Pedagogy of the Oppressed. The teacher is not always the subject and the students are not always the patient, listening objects. Teachers learn from students as do students learn from teachers but it is very important to remember that the teacher is the one who is more knowledgeable therefore filling the minds of the students with his or her own knowledge.

Human Rights Issues in Malaysia Essay - 1293 Words

Human rights violations occur on a daily basis in Malaysia. Recently, according to the Associated Press in an article published in The Hindu, an estimated 25,000 protestors rallied on the streets of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, demanding electoral reforms prior to the next national polls (Associted Press, 2012). Police fired â€Å"tear gas and water laced with stinging chemicals† into the crowd of protestors as retaliation to violation of pre-set barriers by the protestors (Associted Press, 2012). However, prior to that, there were several hours of peaceful protest. Authorities stated that the demonstrators had no right to use Independent Square, â€Å"a symbolically important venue that hosts parades and high-profile celebrations† as their protest†¦show more content†¦The government forcibly controls human rights of Malaysian citizens. The International Security Act â€Å"permits indefinite detention without charge or trial of any person that officials deem a threat to national security or public order† (Human Rights Watch, 2012). Numerous accounts of violations of freedom of expression and rights to public assembly, guaranteed by the Malaysian Constitution, persist. Media censorship continues as solely the minister of home affairs, without judicial review, can refuse publication of any media. There is continued infringement of sexual orientation and gender identity rights and although the Malaysia’s constitution protects religious freedom for all there are cases of biased treatment to religious minorities (Human Rights Watch, 2012). Not only does the Malaysian government compulsorily manage its citizen’s human rights, they also direct the rights of migrants as well. Continued human rights violations have also influence Indonesian and Malaysian labor relations. The current labor agreement between Indonesia and Malaysia does not protect minimum wage of Indonesian recruits nor does it limit recruitment fee structures. Often, Indonesian domestic workers hand over several months’ salaries to pay recruitment fees resulting in Malaysian government freedom of movement restrictions in an attempt to deter flight from unpaid debts (Human Rights Watch, 2011). The MalaysiasShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights And International Law1078 Words   |  5 Pagesthe issues that happened surround ASEAN, particularly to Human Rights and International law issues. With regards to human right issues, the question is whether the ASEAN way is still working or ASEAN should start moving and interfere when the issue involves Human Right. This chapter will study how ASEAN state members solve problems when in relations to Human Rights and International law. It will discuss whether ASEAN can provide solutions on these problems or active passively on these issues. 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General Motors Automobile Industry

Question: Discuss about theGeneral Motorsfor Automobile Industry. Answer: Introduction: General Motors is an American multinational company that operates in the automobile industry. Over the years, the company has expanded to global locations, and this has seen the firm grow both in profitability and market share. The companys leading brands include Vauxhall Chevrolet, Wuling, Buick, Cadillac, Opel, Holden, Baojun and Jiefang. General Motors prides itself with the diversity among its workforce and this is seen in its outlets around the world. In Australia the company has the Holden location which has over 2900 employees (Holden, 2016). Globally, General Motors has over 215,000 employees who help the company foster its operation in six continents. The global headquarters for the company is in Detroit, Michigan USA (General Motor, 2016). Regulatory Frameworks Affecting General Motors According to the Foreign Investment Review Board (2016), the Australia government encourages more multinational companies to operate in the country through sound regulation and policy. The government realizes that multinational firms that operate in Australia create jobs, bring with the innovative technology and foster competition among other local firms (Guzman, 2013). Although investment by multinational corporations is encouraged, it is up to the firms to ensure that they are in compliance with the regulations so that they can conduct their businesses without any disruptions. The following regulations and policies affect the operations of General Motors in Australia. Multinational corporations in Australia are synchronized by the Foreign Investment Review Board. Firstly, before General Motors was allowed to conducted business in Australia, it had to undergo various checks. The first part of the legal requirements was to provide a cover letter detailing the total investment made by General Motors. Moreover, the cover letter has to show the name of the parent company, its subsidiary locations in Australia as well as their addresses. The economic interest of the company in Australia had to be also stated as well as its overall ownership and control (Conley 2014, p.263). Secondly, the other policy that affects the operations of General Motors is the protections on national interests. The Australian government has to ensure that any multinational company that operates in the country does not compromise the community interests where it operates (Yu Chang and Thorson, 2010). If a firm is found to be violating national interests, then its license to operate in Australia is immediately terminated. The national interest test also provides wider benefits as it provides the government with flexibility on how it can think about strategic foreign investments (Conley 2014, p.263). General Motors has not violated any national interests since its operations in Australia have not caused any security concerns. Additionally, competition policies in Australia also affect the operations of General Motors. Competition in Australia is regulated through the competition policy that serves to protect consumers and other competitors from any uncompetitive practices. Australias substantive competition laws are outlined in Part IV of the Trade Practices Act 1974. This Act outlaws any anticompetitive contracts, price-fixing cartels, anticompetitive mergers and acquisitions as well as secondary boycotts that affect competition (Guzman 2011, p.163; Hope 2002, p.99). One of the aims of the competition policy is to ensure that the economy does not have many monopolies that, and to also ensure that the entry of multinational companies is smooth (Medalla, 2015, p.9). Globally, multinational corporations are known for tax avoidance, but in 2015, the federal government of Australia introduced measures that were aimed at combating the increase in tax avoidance by the firms.Currently, multinational firms like local firms pay a 30 percent corporation tax on their revenues to the federal government (Australian Tax Office, 2016). However, multinational firms such as General Motors are notorious for avoiding tax hence the measures that were put in place by the government to cub this trend. The new regulation applies to General Motors because its annual global turnover in over $1 billion hence the company has to pay the 30 percent corporation tax (PwC Australia, 2015). According to Bath (2015) the other policy that affects multinational firm operations in Australia is the behaviour of the foreign investor. The federal government uses this policy to check whether a firm is connected or in control by a foreign govern. This policy applies to the General Motors because the Australian government has to ensure that the firm is not under any influence from the U.S government in the course of its operations. Moreover, the federal government of Australia also explores the extent to which the U.S might exercise influence through the operations of General Motors. Treaties, Convections and Agreements The United States and Australia have a free-trade agreement that fosters smooth movement of goods as well as services between the two countries. According the U.S Office of the Trade Representative (2014) the treaty between the U.S and the Australian government facilitates duty-free movement of goods as well as services between the two countries. The immediate industries that benefited from this agreement included automobile, fabricated material and electrical appliances. This treaty impacts of the products of General Motors because it operates in the automobile industry which was of the beneficiaries from the treaty. Additionally, the treaty provides a mechanism for solving any disputes that arise in the course of conducting international trade. The convention concerning the Australian government as well as the United States government for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of Fiscal Elusion with respect to Taxes on income was put in place in 1982. Moreover, the convention was also amended after some years by a protocol that was reached in 2001 (Australian Government, 2016). Firstly, the protocol puts in place a preparation to an enterprise to ascertain all the benefits are earned via the sustainable plan that involves an entity which is acceptable. That it can undergo taxation where the permanent institution is located. Moreover, the Restriction on benefits article pursues to stop people who belong to associated states of employing interjected firms (IRS, 2016). According to this policy, within United States, a strategy discards acknowledgement that piles up the tax earnings as well as private keeping organization revenue like the union monetary gain tax that cannot be included along with the rule. However, for Australian side, the pattern again discards undiversified taxed earnings while ensuring that the particular mentions pertaining Australian taxation on money generation as well as crude resourcefulness lease taxation are included. Furthermore, the protocol goes ahead to amend the articles that are related to shipping as well as air transport. The protocol amends this article by widening the situations whereas undivided abidance nation taxes shall hold of a bleak boat rent of ships as well as aircrafts that are employed in the global dealings as well as utilization of sustenance instrumentations also utilized in multinational dealings (Australian Government, 2016). According to Australian Government (2016), the convention between America and Australia gives a variety of elisions towards common restriction of fifteen percent towards the mother nation taxes about the incentives. Thence, there is no taxation that can be levied from mother nation upon the incentives that the donee dignified firm occupant within another nation owns more than 80 percent voting ability from a firm compensating the incentives as well as satisfying particular condition that include the public necessities that are contained in the article of limitations of the benefits (Farrar Hiscock, 2015). Additionally, the interest upon parent nation taxes in stake beneath the policy stands at around ten percent. Thence, it is important to note that no taxation is applicable in the source nation on the interest that results from a government department of the partner country or even a financial institution resident in the other state. Royalties are also affected positively in the convention that is a boundary on parent nation taxes from the payment gets minimized. Charges for utilizing industrial, commercial as well as scientific equipment are also discarded and they are no longer associated with royalties. All these factors are for the purposes of the convention (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). General Motors as a multinational company that operates globally has been impacted by various conventions. Firstly, it is a beneficiary of all the investments as well as the service obligations that are stipulated. Consequently, this has led the multinational to increase investment flows to both countries further intensifying competition among other companies that operate in the same market. However, the tax treaty has also influenced the firms trade decisions. The introduction of the convention has influenced the firm to alter its trade behavior particularly by operating in ways that ensure that profits are lowered in the host country. References Australian Government, A. (2016). Australia and the United States treaty: key points. [online] Ato.gov.au. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/International-tax-agreements/In-detail/Tax-treaties/Australia-and-the-United-States-treaty---key-points/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. Australian Taxation Office, (2016). Combating multinational tax avoidance - a targeted anti-avoidance law | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Ato.gov.au. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/International-tax-for-business/In-detail/Doing-business-in-Australia/Combating-multinational-tax-avoidance---a-targeted-anti-avoidance-law/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. Bath, V. (2015). The National Interest and Australian and Chinese Investment Law and Policy. Farrar, J. Hiscock, M. (2015), Australia's Trade, Investment and Security in the Asian Century Editors, 1st ed. Singapore: World Scientific. Conley, T. (2014). The vulnerable country: Australia and the Global Economy. [Sydney]: Read How You Want. Foreign Investment Review Board, (2016). Australian Foreign Investment Policy. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://firb.gov.au/files/2015/09/Australias-Foreign-Investment-Policy-2016-2017.pdf [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. General Motors (2016). About General Motors | GM.com. [online] Available at: https://www.gm.com/company/about-gm.html [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. Guzman, A. (2013). Cooperation, comity, and competition policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Holden, (2016). Holden's Australian Future. [online] Holden.com.au. Available at: https://www.holden.com.au/about/our-company/our-future [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. Hope, E. (2016). Competition Policy Analysis. London: Routledge. IRS, I. (2016). Australia - Tax Treaty Documents. [online] Irs.gov. Available at: https://www.irs.gov/businesses/international-businesses/australia-tax-treaty-documents [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. Medalla, E. (2015). Competition policy in East Asia. New York [u.a.]: Routledge. PwC, (2015). Large and multinational businesses. [online] PwC. Available at: https://www.pwc.com.au/federal-budget-2015/multinational.html [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. U.S Office of the Trade Representative, (2014). Summary of the U.S.-Australia Free Trade Agreement. [online] Ustr.gov. Available at: https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/fact-sheets/archives/2004/february/summary-us-australia-free-trade-agreement [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. Yu Chang, A. and Thorson, A. (2013). A legal guide to doing business in the Asia-Pacific. Chicago: American Bar Association, Section of International Law.